Publications

BOOKS
Barbour MG, JH Burk, WD Pitts, FS Gilliam, and MW Schwartz. 1999. Terrestrial plant ecology, 3rd Edition. Menlo Park, CA: The Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Company, Inc.
 
​

Gilliam FS and MR Roberts. 2003. The herbaceous layer in forests of Eastern North America. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, Inc.
 




​Gilliam FS. 2014. The herbaceous layer in forests of Eastern North America, 2nd edition. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, Inc.







Ellison AM and FS Gilliam. 2019. Causes and consequences of species diversity in forest ecosystems. Basel, Switzerland: MDPI.





​PEER-REVIEWED PAPERS
​(names in green indicate undergraduate or graduate student co-author; to upload a PDF of any paper, click on citation)

1980s
Schlesinger WH, JT Gray, and FS Gilliam. 1982. Atmospheric deposition processes and their importance as sources of nutrients in a chaparral ecosystem of southern California. Water Resources Research 18:623-629.
 
Gilliam FS and DD Richter. 1985. Increases in extractable ions in infertile Aquults caused by sample preparation. Soil Science Society of America Journal 49:1576-1578.
 
Knapp AK and FS Gilliam. 1985. Response of Andropogon gerardii to fire-induced high vs. low irradiance environments in tallgrass prairie: leaf structures and photosynthetic pigments. American Journal of Botany 72:1668-1671.
 
Gilliam FS and NL Christensen. 1986. Herb-layer response to burning in pine flatwoods of the lower Coastal Plain of South Carolina. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 113:42-45.
 
Gilliam FS, TR Seastedt, and AK Knapp. 1987. Canopy rainfall interception and throughfall in burned and unburned tallgrass prairie. The Southwestern Naturalist 32:267-271.
 
Gilliam FS. 1987. The chemistry of wet deposition for a tallgrass prairie ecosystem: inputs and interactions with plant canopies. Biogeochemistry 4:203-217.
 
Gilliam FS and DD Richter. 1988. Correlations between extractable Na, K, Mg, Ca, P and N from fresh and dried samples of two Aquults. Journal of Soil Science 39:209-214.
 
Krovetz DO, MA Reiter, JT Sigmon, and FS Gilliam. 1988. Assembly and field testing of a ground-based presence of cloud detector. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 5:579-581.
 
Gilliam FS. 1988. Interactions of fire with nutrients in the herbaceous layer of a nutrient-poor Coastal Plain forest. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 115:265-271.
 
Gilliam FS, JT Sigmon, MA Reiter, and DO Krovetz. 1989. Elevational and spatial variation in daytime ozone concentrations in the Virginia Blue Ridge Mountains: implications for forest exposure. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 19:422-426.
 
Sigmon JT, FS Gilliam, and ME Parton. 1989. Precipitation and throughfall chemistry for a montane hardwood forest ecosystem:  potential contributions from cloud water. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 19:1240-1247.

 1990s
Gilliam FS and DD Richter. 1991. Transport of metal cations through a nutrient-poor forest ecosystem. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 57-58:279-287.
 
Gilliam FS, BM Yurish, and LM Goodwin. 1993. Community composition of an old-growth longleaf pine forest: relationship to soil texture on tree species. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 120:287-294.
 
Gilliam FS and NL Turrill. 1993. Herbaceous layer cover and biomass in young versus mature stands of a Central Appalachian hardwood forest. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 120:445-450.
 
Turrill NL, DK Evans, and FS Gilliam. 1994. Identification of West Virginia members of the Dentaria complex [D. diphylla Michx., D. heterophylla Nutt., and D. laciniata Muhl. ex. Willd. (Brassicaceae)] using above-ground vegetative characters. Castanea 59:22-30.
 
Gilliam FS, NL Turrill, SD Aulick, DK Evans, and MB Adams. 1994. Herbaceous layer and soil response to experimental acidification in a central Appalachian hardwood forest. Journal of Environmental Quality 23:835-844.
 
Gilliam FS and NL Turrill. 1995. Temporal patterns of ozone pollution in West Virginia: implications for high-elevation hardwood forests. Journal of Air and Waste Management Association 45:621-626.
 
Gilliam FS and MR Roberts. 1995. Impacts of forest management on plant diversity. Ecological Applications 5:911-912.
 
Gilliam FS, NL Turrill, and MB Adams. 1995. Herbaceous-layer and overstory species in clear-cut and mature central Appalachian hardwood forests.  Ecological Applications 5:947-955.
 
Roberts MR and FS Gilliam. 1995. Patterns and mechanisms of diversity in forested ecosystems: implications for forest management. Ecological Applications 5:969-977.
 
Roberts MR and FS Gilliam. 1995. Disturbance effects on herbaceous layer succession and soil nutrients in Populus forests of northern lower Michigan. Journal of Vegetation Science 6:903-912.
 
Gilliam FS, MB Adams, and BM Yurish. 1996. Ecosystem nutrient responses to chronic nitrogen inputs at Fernow Experimental Forest, West Virginia. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 26:196-205.
 
Gilliam FS and MB Adams. 1996. Wetfall deposition and precipitation chemistry for central Appalachian forest. Journal of the Air and Waste Management Association 46:978-984.
 
Peterjohn WT, MB Adams, and FS Gilliam. 1996.  Symptoms of nitrogen saturation in two central Appalachian hardwood forests.  Biogeochemistry 35:507-522.
 
Gilliam FS, JD May, MA Fisher, and DK Evans. 1999. Short-term changes in soil nutrients during wetland creation. Wetland Ecology and Management 6:203-208.
 
Gilliam FS and WJ Platt. 1999. Effects of long-term fire exclusion on tree species composition and stand structure in an old-growth longleaf pine forest.  Plant Ecology 140:15-26.
 
Gilliam FS. 1999. More than the sum of its parts: a review of ML Pace and PM Groffman, editors. Successes, limitations, and frontiers in ecosystem science. New York: Springer. Ecology 80:2453-2455.

2000s
Gilliam FS, BM Yurish, and MB Adams. 2001. Temporal and spatial variation of nitrogen transformations in nitrogen-saturated soils of a Central Appalachian hardwood forest. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 31:1768-1785.
 
Gilliam FS, CC Somerville, NL Lyttle, and MB Adams. 2001. Factors influencing spatial variability in nitrogen processing in nitrogen-saturated soils. The ScientificWorld Journal 1:505-513.
 
Gilliam FS. 2002. Effects of harvesting on herbaceous layer diversity of a central Appalachian hardwood forest. Forest Ecology and Management 155:33-43.

Gilliam FS and NE Saunders. 2003. Making more sense of the order: A review of Canoco for Windows 4.5, PC-ORD version 4 and SYN-TAX 2000. Journal of Vegetation Science 14:297-304.

Gilliam FS, MB Adams, DA Dick, and ML Kerr. 2004. Effects of silvicultural practices on soil carbon and nitrogen in a nitrogen saturated Central Appalachian hardwood forest ecosystem. Environmental Management 32:S108-S119.
 
Gilliam FS, NL Lyttle, A Thomas, and MB Adams. 2005. Soil variability along a nitrogen mineralization/nitrification gradient in a nitrogen-saturated hardwood forest. Soil Science Society of America Journal 69:247-256.
 
May JD, E Burdette, FS Gilliam, and MB Adams. 2005. Interspecific divergence in foliar nutrient dynamics and stem growth in a temperate forest in response to chronic nitrogen inputs. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 35:1023-1030.
 
Gilliam FS, AW Hockenberry, and MB Adams. 2006. Effects of atmospheric nitrogen deposition on the herbaceous layer of a central Appalachian hardwood forest. Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society 133:240-254.
 
Gilliam FS and WJ Platt. 2006. Conservation and restoration of the longleaf pine ecosystem. Applied Vegetation Science 9:7-10.
 
Gilliam FS, WJ Platt, and RK Peet. 2006. Natural disturbances and the physiognomy of pine savannas: a phenomenological model. Applied Vegetation Science 9:83-96.
 
Gilliam FS. 2006. Response of the herbaceous layer of forest ecosystems to excess nitrogen deposition. Journal of Ecology 94:1176-1191.
 
Dick DA and FS Gilliam. 2007. Spatial heterogeneity and dependence of soils and herbaceous plant communities in adjacent seasonal wetland and pasture sites. Wetlands 27:951-963.
 
Gilliam FS. 2007. The ecological significance of the herbaceous layer in forest ecosystems. BioScience 57:845-858.
 
2010s
Gilliam FS. 2010. Spatial variability in soil microbial communities in a nitrogen-saturated hardwood forest watershed. Nature Precedings doi:10.1038/npre.2010.5219.1.

Bobbink R, K Hicks, J Galloway, T Spranger,  R Alkemade, M Ashmore, M Bustamante, S Cinderby, E Davidson, F Dentener, B Emmett, J-W Erisman, M Fenn, F Gilliam, A Nordin, L Pardo and W de Vries.  2010. Global assessment of nitrogen deposition effects on terrestrial plant diversity effects of terrestrial ecosystems: a synthesis. Ecological Applications 20:30-59.
 
Gilliam FS, A Cook, and S Lyter. 2010. Effects of experimental freezing on soil nitrogen (N) dynamics along a net nitrification gradient in an N-saturated hardwood forest ecosystem. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 40:436-444.
 
Gilliam FS and DA Dick. 2010. Spatial heterogeneity of soil nutrients and plant species in herb-dominated communities of contrasting land use. Plant Ecology 209:83-94.
 
Lu X, J Mo, FS Gilliam, G Zhou, Y Fang. 2010. Effects of experimental nitrogen deposition on plant diversity in an old-growth tropical forest. Global Change Biology 16:2688-2700.
 
Gilliam FS, RL McCulley, and JA Nelson. 2011. Spatial variability in soil microbial communities in a nitrogen-saturated hardwood forest watershed. Soil Science Society of America Journal 75:280-286.
 
Zhang X, W Bai, FS Gilliam, X Han, and L Li. 2011. Effects of in situ freezing on soil nitrogen mineralization in fertilized grassland, northern China. Grass and Forage Science 66:391-401.
 
Gilliam FS and MB Adams. 2011. Effects of nitrogen on temporal and spatial patterns of nitrate in streams and soil solution of a central hardwood forest. ISRN Ecology, Article ID 138487, doi:10.5402/2011/138487.

Lu X, J Mo, FS Gilliam, G Yu, W Zhang, Y Fang, and J Huang. 2011. Effects of experimental nitrogen additions on plant diversity in tropical forests of contrasting disturbance regimes in Southern China. Environmental Pollution 159:2228-2235.
 
Pardo LH, ME Fenn, CL Goodale, LH Geiser, CT Driscoll, EB Allen, J Baron, R Bobbink, WD Bowman, C Clark, B Emmett, FS Gilliam, T Greaver, SJ Hall, EA Lilleskov, L Liu, J Lynch, K Nadelhoffer, SS Perakis, MJ Robin-Abbott, J Stoddard, K Weathers, and RL Dennis. 2011. Effects of nitrogen deposition and empirical nitrogen critical loads for ecoregions of the United States. Ecological Applications 21:3049-3082.
 
Lu X, J Mo, FS Gilliam, H Fang, F Zhu, Y Fang, W Zhang, J Huang. 2012. Land-use history mitigates response of soil phosphorus availability to nitrogen addition in two reforested tropical forests in southern China. Biotropica 44:302-311.
 
Zhang X, Q Wang, FS Gilliam, W Bai, X Han, and L Li. 2012. Effect of nitrogen fertilization on net nitrogen mineralization in grassland soil of Northern China: implications for grassland management. Grass and Forage Science 67:219-230.
 
Zhang X, L Ma, FS Gilliam, Q Wang, T Liu, and C Li. 2012. Effects of raised-bed planting for enhanced summer maize yield on soil microbial functional groups and enzyme activity in Henan Province, China. Field Crops Research 130:28-37.
 
Lei, L, T Zhang, FS Gilliam, P Gunderson, W Zhang, H Chen, and J Mo. 2013. Interactive effects of nitrogen and phosphorus on soil microbial change in tropical forests. PLOS ONE 8:1-10.
 
Lu X, J Mo, FS Gilliam, H Fang, G Yu, L Li, Q Mao, and H Chen. 2013. Long-term nitrogen addition decreases carbon transport in nitrogen-rich forest. Biogeosciences 10:1451-1481.
 
Clark CM, P Morefield, FS Gilliam, and LH Pardo. 2013. Estimated losses of plant biodiversity across the U.S. from historical N deposition from 1985—2010. Ecology 94:1441-1448.
 
De Frenne, P, F. Rodríguez-Sánchez, DA Coomes, L Baeten, G Verstraeten, M Vellend, M Bernhardt-Römermann, CD Brown, J Brunet, J Cornelis, G Decocq, H Dierschke, O Eriksson, FS Gilliam, R Hédl, T Heinken, M Hermy, P Hommel, MA Jenkins, DL Kelly, KJ Kirby, FJG Mitchell, T Naaf, M Newman, G Peterken, P Petřík, J Schulz, G Sonnier, H Van Calster, D Waller, G-R Walther, PS White, K Woods, M Wulf, BJ Graae, and K Verheyen. 2013. Microclimate moderates plant responses to macroclimate warming. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 110:18561-18565.
 
Chen H, W Zhang, F Gilliam, L Liu, J, Huang, T Zhang, WT Wang, and JM Mo. 2013. Changes in soil carbon sequestration in Pinus massoniana forests along an urban-to-rural gradient of southern China. Biogeosciences 10:6609–6616.
 
Zhu F, M Yoh, FS Gilliam, X Lu, and J Mo. 2013. Nutrient limitation in three lowland tropical forests in southern China receiving high nitrogen deposition: insights from fine root responses to nutrient additions. PLOS ONE 8:1-8.
 
Gilliam FS, R Hédl, M Chudomelová, RL McCulley, and JA Nelson. 2014. Variation in vegetation and microbial linkages with slope aspect in a montane temperate hardwood forest. Ecosphere 5(5):66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/ES13-00379.1.
 
Lu X, Q Mao, F Gilliam, Y Luo, and J Mo. 2014. Nitrogen deposition contributes to soil acidification in tropical ecosystems. Global Change Biology 20:3790–3801.
 
Zhang X, Q Wang, FS Gilliam, Y Wang, F Cha, C Li. 2014. Spatial variation in carbon and nitrogen in cultivated soils in the Henan Province, China: Potential effect on crop yield. PLOS ONE 9:1-10.
 
Zhang X, Q Wang, J Xu, FS Gilliam, N Tremblay, and C Li. 2015. In situ nitrogen mineralization, nitrification, and ammonia volatilization in maize field fertilized with urea in Huanghuaihai Region of Northern China. PLoS ONE 10(1): e0115649. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0115649.
 
Huang J, W Zhang, X Zhu, F Gilliam, H Chen, X Lu, and JM Mo. 2015. Urbanization in China changes the composition and main sources of wet inorganic nitrogen deposition. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 22:6526-6534.
 
Lu X, Q Mao, J Mo, FS Gilliam, G Zhou, Y Luo, W Zhang, and J Huang. 2015. Divergent responses of soil buffering capacity to long-term N deposition in three typical tropical forests with different land-use history. Environmental Science & Technology 49:4072-4080.
 
Gilliam FS, JE Galloway, and JS Sarmiento. 2015. Variation with slope aspect in effects of temperature on nitrogen mineralization and nitrification in mineral soil of mixed hardwood forests. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 45:958-962.
 
Walter CA, MB Burnham, FS Gilliam, and WT Peterjohn. 2015. A reference-based approach for measuring the cover of forest herbs. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 187:657.
 
Gilliam FS. 2016. A novel mechanism to explain success of invasive herbaceous species at the expense of natives in eastern hardwood forests. New Phytologist 209:451-453.
 
Chapman SK, KA Devine, C Curran, RO Jones, and FS Gilliam. 2016. Impacts of soil nitrogen and carbon additions on forest understory communities with a high-deposition history. Ecosystems 19:142-154.
 
Simkin SM, EB Allen, WD Bowman, CM Clark, J Belnap, ML Brooks, BS Cade, SL Collins, LH Geiser, FS Gilliam, SE Jovan, LH Pardo, BK Schulz, CJ Stevens, KN Suding, HL Throop, and DM Waller. 2016. A continental analysis of ecosystem vulnerability to atmospheric nitrogen deposition. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113:4086–4091.
 
Gilliam FS, NT Welch, AH Phillips, JH Billmyer, WT Peterjohn, ZK Fowler, C Walter, M Burnham, JD May, and MB Adams. 2016. Twenty-five year response of the herbaceous layer of a temperate hardwood forest to elevated nitrogen deposition. Ecosphere 7(4):e01250. 10.1002/ecs2.1250.
 
Walter CA, DT Raiff, MB Burnham, FS Gilliam, MB Adams, and WT Peterjohn. 2016. Nitrogen fertilization interacts with light to increase Rubus spp. cover in a temperate forest. Plant Ecology 217:421-430.
 
Gilliam FS, JH Billmyer, CA Walter, and WT Peterjohn. 2016. Effects of excess nitrogen on biogeochemistry of a temperate hardwood forest: Evidence of nutrient redistribution by a forest understory species. Atmospheric Environment 146:261-270.
 
Gilliam FS. 2016. Forest ecosystems of temperate climatic regions: from ancient use to climate change. New Phytologist 212:871-887.
 
Verheyen K, P De Frenne, L Baeten, D Waller, R Hédl, MP Perring, H Blondeel, J Brunet, M Chudomelova, G Docoq, E De Lombaerde, L Depauw, T Dirnböck, T Durak, O Eriksson, FS Gilliam, T Heinken, S Heinrichs, M Hermy, B Jaroszewicz, M Jenkins, SE Johnson, K Kirby, M Kopecky, D Landuyt, L Lenoir, D Li, M Macek, S Maes, F Malis, FJG Mitchell, T Naaf, G Peterken, P Petrik, K Reczynska, DA Rogers, FH Schei, W Schmidt, T Standovar, K Swierkosz, K Ujhazy, H Van Calster, M Vellend, K Woods, M Wulff, and M Bernhardt-Römermann. 2017. Combining community resurvey data to advance global change research. BioScience 67:73-83.
 
Walter CA, MB Adams, FS Gilliam, and WT Peterjohn. 2017. Non-random species loss in a forest herbaceous layer following nitrogen addition. Ecology 98:2322-2332.
 
Gilliam FS, JD May, and MB Adams. 2018. Response of foliar nutrients of Rubus allegheniensis to nutrient amendments in a central Appalachian hardwood forest. Forest Ecology and Management 411:101-107.
 
Perring MP, M Bernhardt-Römermann, L Baeten, G Midolo, H Blondeel, L Depauw, D Landuyt, SL Maes, E De Lombaerde, MM Carón, Mk Vellend, J Brunet, M Chudomelová, G Decocq, M Diekmann, T Dirnböck, I Dörfler, T Durak, P De Frenne, FS Gilliam, R Hédl, T Heinken, P Hommel, B Jaroszewicz, KJ Kirby, M Kopecký, J Lenoir, D Li, F Máliš, FJG Mitchell, T Naaf, M Newman, P Petřík, K Reczyńska, W Schmidt, T Standovár, K Świerkosz, H Van Calster, O Vild, ER Wagner, M Wulf, and K Verheyen. 2018. Global environmental change effects on plant community composition trajectories depend upon management legacies. Global Change Biology 24:1722–1740.
 
Jung K, J-H Kwak, FS Gilliam, and SX Chang. 2018. Simulated N and S deposition affected soil chemistry and understory plant communities in a boreal forest in Canada. Journal of Plant Ecology 11:511–523.
 
Lu X, PM Vitousek, Q Mao, F Gilliam, Y Luo, G Zhou, X Zou, E Bai, T Scanlon, E Hou, J Mo. 2018. Plant acclimation to long-term high nitrogen deposition in N-rich tropical forests.  Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115:5187-5192.

Gilliam FS. 2018. Stop messing with old-growth forests: a review of J Maloof. Nature’s temples: the complex world of old-growth forests. Portland, OR: Timber Press. Nature Plants 4:397-398.

Perring MP, M Diekmann, G Midolo, DS Costa, M Bernhardt-Römermann, JCJ Otto, FS Gilliam, P-O Hedwall, A Nordin,  T Dirnböck, SM Simkin, F Mális, H Blondeel, J Brunet, M Chudomelová, T Durak, P De Frenne, R Hédl,  M Kopecký, D Landuyt, D Li, P Manning, P Petřík, K Reczyńska, W Schmidt, T Standovár, K Świerkosz, O Vild, DM Waller, and K Verheyen. 2018. Understanding context dependency in the response of forest understorey plant communities to nitrogen deposition. Environmental Pollution 242:1787-1799.

Gilliam FS, CA Walter, MB Adams, and WT Peterjohn. 2018. Nitrogen (N) dynamics in the mineral soil of a Central Appalachian hardwood forest during a quarter century of whole-watershed N additions. Ecosystems 21:1489-1504.

Gilliam FS, DA Burns, CT Driscoll, SD Frey, GM Lovett, and SA Watmough. 2019. Decreased atmospheric nitrogen deposition in eastern North America: predicted responses of forest ecosystems. Environmental Pollution 244:560-574.

Gilliam FS. 2019. Excess nitrogen in temperate forest ecosystems decreases herbaceous layer diversity and shifts control from soil to canopy structure. Forests 10:1-13.

​​Clark CM, SM Simkin, EB Allen, WD Bowman, J Belnap, ML Brooks, SL Collins, LH Geiser, FS Gilliam, SE Jovan, LH Pardo, BK Schultz, CJ Stevens, KN Suding, HL Throop, and DM Waller. 2019. Potential vulnerability of 348 herbaceous species to atmospheric deposition of nitrogen and sulfur in the United States. Nature Plants 5:697-705.

​Gilliam FS. 2019. Response of herbaceous layer species to canopy and soil variables in a central Appalachian hardwood forest ecosystem. Plant Ecology 220:1131-1138.

2020s
Gilliam FS, EE Harmon, and SC Boyles. 2020. The University of West Florida Campus Ecosystem Study: Gopher tortoise and longleaf pine populations in an urban interface. Urban Ecosystems 23:355-362.

PROCEEDINGS AND BOOK CHAPTERS

​1980s
Richter DD, CW Ralston, WR Harms, and FS Gilliam. 1984. Effects of prescribed fire on water quality at the Santee experimental watersheds in South Carolina. pp 29-39 In: Water Quality and Environmental Issues on Southern Forest Lands.  Proceedings, 1984 Southern Regional Meeting of National Council of the Paper Industry for Air and Stream Improvement. Atlanta, GA. 57 pp.
 
McArthur JV, ME Gurtz, CM Tate, and FS Gilliam. 1985. The interaction of biological and hydrological phenomena that mediate the qualities of water draining native tallgrass prairie on the Konza Prairie Research Natural Area. pp 478-482. In: Perspectives on Nonpoint Source Pollution, Proceedings, 1985 National Conference, EPA 440/5-85-001, United States Environmental Protection Agency. 514 pp.
 
Gilliam FS and JT Sigmon. 1987. Relationships between throughfall chemistry and the chemical fluxes in dry deposition and mountain clouds. pp 63-65. In: 6th Symposium on Meteorological Observations and Instrumentation. American Meteorological Society. 483 pp.
 
1990s
Gilliam FS. 1990. Atmospheric deposition and its potential significance in southern Appalachian hardwood forest ecosystems. pp 31-38. In: JW Bagby, editor. Environment in Appalachia. Proceedings, 4th Annual Conference on Appalachia. Lexington, KY, 1989.
 
Gilliam FS. 1991. Ecosystem-level significance of acid forest soils. pp 187-195. In: RJ Wright, VC Baligar, and RP Murrmann, editors. Plant-soil interactions at low pH. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers. 1104 pp.
 
Gilliam FS. 1991. The significance of fire in an oligotrophic forest ecosystem. pp 113-122. In: SC Nodvin and TA Waldrop, editors. Fire and the environment: ecological and cultural perspectives: Proceedings of an international symposium. Gen. Tech. Rep. SE-69. Ashville, NC: USDA, Forest Service, Southeastern Forest Experiment Station. 429 pp.
 
Gilliam FS and MB Adams.  1995.  Plant and soil nutrients in young versus mature central Appalachian hardwood stands. pp. 109-118. In: KW Gottschalk, editor. Proceedings, 10th Central Hardwood Forest Conference. 5-8 March 1995, Morgantown, WV. Gen. Tech. Rep. NE-197. Radnor, PA: USDA, Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station. 577 p.
 
Gilliam FS. 1995. Changes in soil physical and chemical characteristics. Chapter 5, pp. 55-69, In: DK Evans and HA Allen, editors. Mitigation wetland restoration: environmental effects at Green Bottom Wildlife Management Area, West Virginia. Technical Report WRP-RE-10, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg, MS.
 
Gilliam FS and MA Fisher. 1995. Nitrogen transformations. Chapter 6, pp. 70-76, In: DK Evans and HA Allen, editors. Mitigation wetland restoration: environmental effects at Green Bottom Wildlife Management Area, West Virginia. Technical Report WRP-RE-10, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg, MS.PUBLICATIONS (continued):
 
Gilliam FS and MB Adams. 1999. Effects of harvesting on soil nitrogen (N) dynamics in a N-saturated hardwood forest. pp. 29-36, In: JW Stringer and DL Loftis, editors. Proceedings, 12th Annual Central Hardwoods Conference.  28 February-2 March 1999, Lexington, KY. Gen. Tech. Rep. SRS-24.  Asheville, NC: USDA, Forest Service, Southern Research Station. 293 p.
 
2000s
Gilliam FS and MR Roberts. 2003. Introduction: conceptual framework for studies of the herbaceous layer. Chapter 1 pp. 3-11, In: FS Gilliam and MR Roberts, editors. The herbaceous layer in forests of Eastern North America. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, Inc.
 
Gilliam FS and MR Roberts. 2003. Interactions between the herbaceous layer and overstory canopy of eastern forests: a mechanism for linkage. Chapter 8 pp. 198-223, In: FS Gilliam and MR Roberts, editors. The herbaceous layer in forests of Eastern North America. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, Inc.
 
Christensen NL and FS Gilliam. 2003. Temporal and spatial patterns of herbaceous layer communities on the North Carolina Piedmont. Chapter 9 pp. 224-237, In: FS Gilliam and MR Roberts, editors. The herbaceous layer in forests of Eastern North America. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, Inc.
 
Roberts MR and FS Gilliam. 2003. Response of the herbaceous layer to disturbance in eastern forests. Chapter 13 pp. 302-320, In: FS Gilliam and MR Roberts, editors. The herbaceous layer in forests of Eastern North America. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, Inc.
 
Gilliam FS and MR Roberts. 2003. The dynamic nature of the herbaceous layer: synthesis and future directions for research. Chapter 14 pp. 323-337, In: FS Gilliam and MR Roberts, editors. The herbaceous layer in forests of Eastern North America. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, Inc.
 
Adams, MB, DR DeWalle, WT Peterjohn, FS Gilliam, WE Sharpe, and KWY Williard. 2006. Soil chemical response to experimental acidification treatments. Chapter 3 pp. 41-69, In: MB Adams, DR DeWalle, and J Hom, editors. The Fernow Watershed Acidification Study, Series: Environmental Pollution, Vol. 11, New York, NY: Springer.
 
DeWalle, DR, JN Kochenderfer, MB Adams, GW Miller, FS Gilliam, F Wood, SS Odenwald-Clemens, and WE Sharpe. 2006. Vegetation and acidification. Chapter 5 pp. 137-188, In: MB Adams, DR DeWalle, and J Hom, editors. The Fernow Watershed Acidification Study, Series: Environmental Pollution, Vol. 11, New York, NY: Springer.
 
Adams, MB, WT Peterjohn, and FS Gilliam. 2006. Acidification and nutrient cycling. Chapter 7 pp. 207-236, In: MB Adams, DR DeWalle, and J Hom, editors. The Fernow Watershed Acidification Study, Series: Environmental Pollution, Vol. 11, New York, NY: Springer.
 
​2010s
Pardo LH, Geiser LH, Fenn ME, Driscoll CT, Goodale CL, Allen EB, Baron JS, Bobbink R, Bowman WD, Clark CM, Emmett B, Gilliam FS, Greaver T, Hall SJ, Lilleskov EA, Liu L, Lynch JA, Nadelhoffer K, Perakis SS, Robin-Abbott MJ, Stoddard JL, Weathers KC.  2011. Synthesis, Chapter 19.   In: Pardo LH, Robin-Abbott MJ, Driscoll CT, eds. Assessment of Nitrogen deposition effects and empirical critical loads of Nitrogen for ecoregions of the United States. Gen. Tech. Rep. NRS-80. Newtown Square, PA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northern Research Station: 229-284.
 
Gilliam FS, Goodale CL, Pardo LH, Geiser LH, and Lilleskov, EA.  2011.  Eastern temperate forests, Chapter 10.   In: Pardo LH, Robin-Abbott MJ, Driscoll, CT, eds. Assessment of Nitrogen deposition effects and empirical critical loads of Nitrogen for ecoregions of the United States. Gen. Tech. Rep. NRS-80. Newtown Square, PA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northern Research Station: 99-116.
 
Clark CM, Y Bai, WD Bowman, JM Cowles, ME Fenn, FS Gilliam, GK Phoenix, I Siddique, CJ Stevens, HU Sverdrup, and HL Throop. 2013. Nitrogen deposition and terrestrial biodiversity. In: Levin S.A. (ed.) Encyclopedia of Biodiversity, second edition, Volume 5, pp. 519-536. Waltham, MA: Academic Press.
 
Gilliam FS. 2014. Nitrogen biogeochemistry research at Fernow Experimental Forest, West Virginia, USA: soils, biodiversity, and climate change. Chapter 29, pp. 267-278, In: MA Sutton, et al., eds. Nitrogen Deposition, Critical Loads and Biodiversity: Proceedings of the INI/CLRTAP/CBD Expert Workshop, 16-18 November 2009. New York, NY: Springer.
 
Baron JS, M Barber, A Feest, F Gilliam, et al. 2014. The effects of atmospheric N deposition on terrestrial and freshwater biodiversity. Chapter 49, pp. 465-480, In: MA Sutton, et al., eds. Nitrogen Deposition, Critical Loads and Biodiversity: Proceedings of the INI/CLRTAP/CBD Expert Workshop, 16-18 November 2009. New York, NY: Springer.
 
Gilliam FS. 2014. Introduction: the herbaceous layer—the forest between the trees. Chapter 1, pp. 1-9, In: FS Gilliam, editor. The herbaceous layer in forests of Eastern North America, 2nd edition. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, Inc.
 
Gilliam FS and MR Roberts. 2014. Interactions between the herbaceous layer and overstory canopy of eastern forests: a mechanism for linkage. Chapter 9, pp. 233-254, In: FS Gilliam, editor. The herbaceous layer in forests of Eastern North America, 2nd edition. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, Inc.
 
Peet RK, NL Christensen, and FS Gilliam. 2014. Temporal patterns of herbaceous layer communities on the North Carolina Piedmont. Chapter 11, pp. 277-293, In: FS Gilliam, editor. The herbaceous layer in forests of Eastern North America, 2nd edition. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, Inc.
 
Roberts MR and FS Gilliam. 2014. Response of the herbaceous layer to disturbance in eastern forests. Chapter 13, pp. 321-339, In: FS Gilliam, editor. The herbaceous layer in forests of Eastern North America, 2nd edition. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, Inc.

Gilliam FS. 2014. Effects of excess nitrogen deposition on the herbaceous layer of eastern North American forests. Chapter 20, pp.445-459, In: FS Gilliam, editor. The herbaceous layer in forests of Eastern North America, 2nd edition. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, Inc.

Gilliam FS. 2014. The dynamic nature of the herbaceous layer: synthesis and future directions for research. Chapter 22, pp. 497-508, In: FS Gilliam, editor. The herbaceous layer in forests of Eastern North America, 2nd edition. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, Inc.

Pardo LH, MJ Robin-Abbott, ME Fenn, CL Goodale, LH Geiser, CT Driscoll, EB Allen, JS Baron, R Bobbink, WD Bowman, CM Clark, B Emmett, FS Gilliam, TL Greaver, SJ Hall, EA Lilleskov, L Liu, JA Lynch, KJ Nadelhoffer, SJ Perakis, JL Stoddard, KC Weathers, and RL Dennis. 2015. Empirical critical loads for nitrogen for ecoregions of the United States. Chapter 5, pp. 129-169, In W de Vries, J-P Hettelingh, and M Posch, editors. Critical Loads and Dynamic Risk Assessments: Nitroge, Acidity and Metals in Terrestrial and Aquatic Ecosystems. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer.

Hull JC, HS Neufeld, and FS Gilliam. 2018. Plant ecology. In: Encyclopedia of Ecology, second edition, New York, NY: Elsevier.   https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-409548-9.09135-1

Gilliam FS. 2019. E. Lucy Braun. In Oxford Bibliographies Online: Ecology. Ed. David Gibson. New York: Oxford University Press.